Apparatus and Method for Driving an Optical Modulator with Independent Modulator Arm Bias

ABSTRACT

Driving an optical modulator is described. A control circuit generates first and second input voltages based on a target phase modulation between first and second optical waveguide arms of the optical modulator. An offset control circuit generates first and second offset signals. A linear modulator driver receives the first and second offset signals, generates a first output voltage for biasing the first optical waveguide arm using the first offset signal, and generates a second output voltage for biasing the second optical waveguide arm using the second offset signal. Feedback circuitry can feed the first and second output voltages to the offset control circuit, which can generate the first and second offset signals using the first and second output voltages. The output voltages bias the waveguide arms so the optical modulator operates close to the target phase modulation, even in the presence of manufacturing errors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/111,423, filed Aug. 24, 2018, the entire content of which isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates in general to driving an optical modulator, suchas a Mach-Zehnder modulator, and more particularly to driving an opticalmodulator with independent modulator arm bias that, among otherbenefits, mitigates modulator fabrication errors.

BACKGROUND

In silicon, phase modulation is based on a dependency of a refractiveindex on free carrier density. Accordingly, by building a pn junctionwithin an optical waveguide, and by applying a time-varying reversevoltage to the pn junction, the depletion region of the junction can bemodulated. This modulates the free carrier density, hence modulating therefractive index.

In a series push-pull (SPP) configuration of an optical modulator, twopn junctions, each located in each of a pair of optical waveguides areconnected back-to-back, with either the n-sides or the p-sides inelectrical contact. This configuration is preferred for a low-chirpoperation because it provides that, in an ideal case, each of theinterferometer arms produces an equal but opposite amount of phaseshift. In this ideal case, the Vπ of each arm (i.e., the amount ofvoltage required to produce a phase change of π) is the same.

FIG. 1 illustrates an optical (e.g., a Mach-Zehnder) modulator 100 inthe SPP configuration where the diodes 102 each comprise a p-dopedregion 104 and an n-doped region 106 forming a pn junction and areconnected by their p-doped regions 104 in a nppn configuration betweenrespective electrodes 107. For high-bandwidth operation, the pnjunctions are generally used in depletion mode by applying a reverse (ornegative) bias voltage Vb 108 to the point 110 connecting the diodes 102back-to-back in series. One important requirement of the modulator 100is that the modulator arms 112 and 114 provide very similar phasemodulation efficiency. Arm dissimilarity causes imbalance of the phasemodulation, which in turn creates a phase variation of the opticalcarrier (e.g., chirp) at the output 116 of the modulator 100.

Arm dissimilarity can be illustrated with reference to FIG. 2. Dopantsof p and n types are implanted at locations defined by lithographicmasks aligned over already-defined optical waveguides 202. Thisalignment, performed using stepper lithography or the like, has anaccuracy of about 50 nm, while the optical waveguides 202 have a widthof about 400 to 500 nm. As compared to the width of the waveguides 202,an alignment error is not negligible and may therefore cause asignificant variation in modulation efficiency from device to device,even on the same wafer.

The top of FIG. 2 shows a pair of back-to-back pn junctions 204 of a SPPconfiguration of an optical modulator in a nppn configuration, such asthe optical modulator 100, where the lithographic masks are well alignedduring manufacture. In this example, each pn junction 204 (e.g., betweena respective p-doped region 104 and n-doped region 106 of a diode 102)is located coincident with the center of each optical waveguide 202 of amodulator arm, such as modulator arms 112 and 114. In each modulatorarm, the modulation of the depletion width of the pn junction 204affects a portion of the optical mode overlapping with the pn junction204, which will be, in this case, the same for each optical waveguide202.

In contrast, the bottom of FIG. 2 shows the pair of back-to-back pnjunctions 204 of a SPP configuration of an optical modulator in the nppnconfiguration, such as the optical modulator 100, when the lithographicmasks are misaligned during manufacture with respect to their ideal orcorrect position (i.e., the position defined by design). For simplicity,the same misalignment error or offset M for the n and p masks has beenillustrated such that the interface of the pn junctions 204 arecollectively shifted. This offset M of the pn junctions 204 leads to theoptical mode in each optical waveguide 202 interacting with a largerportion of p-doped material on the waveguide 202 at the modulator arm112 (e.g., the p-doped region 104 is larger) and with a larger portionof n-doped material on the waveguide 202 at the modulator arm 114 (e.g.,the n-doped region 106 is larger). As the index variation associatedwith the modulation of the p and n-doped material is different, themodulation efficiency for the two modulator arms 112 and 114 will alsodiffer, causing modulation imbalance. Stated differently, misalignmentof lithographic masks employed to wafer level manufacture of the p andn-doped regions 104 and 106 with regards to the optical waveguides 202can induce an imbalance in the modulation efficiency of the arms 112 and114 of the optical modulator 100. The resulting chirp in the output 116is an undesirable result of the imbalance.

SUMMARY

Independent modulator arm bias, when applied to an optical modulator,can mitigate fabrication errors and the like that can otherwise reducethe quality and efficiency of the operation of the optical modulator.

In an implementation of an apparatus described herein, the apparatus caninclude an optical modulator control circuit configured to generate afirst input voltage and a second input voltage, the first input voltageand the second input voltage determined to produce a target phasemodulation between a first optical waveguide arm and a second opticalwaveguide arm of an optical modulator, an offset control circuitconfigured to generate a first offset signal and a second offset signalbased on the first input voltage and the second input voltage, and alinear modulator driver. The linear modulator driver is configured toreceive the first offset signal and the second offset signal, generate,using the first offset signal, a first output voltage for biasing thefirst optical waveguide arm, and generate, using the second offsetsignal, a second output voltage for biasing the second optical waveguidearm, wherein at least one of the first output voltage is different fromthe first input voltage or the second output voltage is different fromthe second input voltage.

In another implementation of an apparatus described herein, theapparatus can include an optical modulator control circuit configured togenerate a first input voltage and a second input voltage, the firstinput voltage and the second input voltage determined to produce atarget phase modulation between a first optical waveguide arm and asecond optical waveguide arm of an optical modulator, an offset controlcircuit configured to generate a first offset current and a secondoffset current, and a linear modulator driver. The linear modulatordriver is configured to receive the first input voltage, the secondinput voltage, the first offset current, and the second offset current,and to generate a first output voltage for biasing the first opticalwaveguide arm by modifying the first input voltage using the firstoffset current and to generate a second output voltage for biasing thesecond optical waveguide arm by modifying the second input voltage usingthe second offset current, wherein at least one of the first outputvoltage is different from the first input voltage or the second outputvoltage is different from the second input voltage.

An implementation of a method described herein, the method includesreceiving, from an optical modulator control circuit, a first inputvoltage and a second input voltage, wherein the first input voltage andthe second input voltage are determined to produce a target phasemodulation between a first optical waveguide arm and a second opticalwaveguide arm of an optical modulator, generating, using an offsetcontrol circuit, a first offset signal and a second offset signal basedon the first input voltage and the second input voltage, receiving, at alinear modulator driver, the first offset signal and the second offsetsignal, and generating, using the linear modulator driver, a firstoutput voltage for biasing the first optical waveguide arm using thefirst offset signal, and a second output voltage for biasing the secondoptical waveguide arm using the second offset signal, wherein at leastone of the first output voltage is different from the first inputvoltage and the second output voltage is different from the second inputvoltage.

The implementations herein may be used with various optical modulators,including in Mach-Zehnder optical modulators and the like used in aseries push-pull configuration, for example, and to Mach-Zehnder opticalmodulator and the like made using silicon-on-insulator wafers (i.e.,silicon photonics), as well as InP, LiNbO₃, polymer, and organic-hybridmodulators and the like.

Details of these and other implementations of the teachings herein aredescribed below with reference to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure is best understood from the following detaileddescription when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Itis emphasized that, according to common practice, the various featuresof the drawings are not to scale. On the contrary, the dimensions of thevarious features are arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an optical modulator in anppn configuration.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the pn junctions of an SPPmodulator configuration manufactured with correct and incorrectlithographic mask alignments.

FIG. 3 is a graph that plots phase shift against applied voltage foreach of the modulator arms of an optical modulator that could resultfrom an imperfect fabrication.

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating driver output DC voltagesapplied to modulator electrodes, further connected to two pn junctionsin series and to terminations.

FIG. 5 is a graph that plots phase shift versus applied voltage for twoarms of an optical modulator of the proposed solution, in the case of amanufacturing bias.

FIG. 6 is a graph that plots the phase shifts in first and second armswith the abscissa showing the offset voltage applied to either pnjunction relative to its own reverse bias voltage.

FIG. 7 is a graph that plots the bias voltage to use for pn junction 2as a function of the bias voltage used for pn junction 1 enablingcancellation of the RF imbalance.

FIG. 8 is a graph that plots the symmetrical variation of the biasvoltages around 2V providing cancellation of the RF imbalance.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a modulatordevice of the proposed solution using a nppn SPP configuration, drivenwith a dissimilar DC current from an open collector driver.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of amodulator device of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration, driven with a dissimilar DC current from an opencollector driver and with separate transistors providing offsetcurrents.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of amodulator device of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration, driven with a dissimilar DC current from aback-terminated differential driver.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of amodulator device of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration, driven with a dissimilar DC current from aback-terminated differential driver and with separate transistorsproviding offset currents.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of amodulator device of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration, driven with a dissimilar DC current from an opencollector driver, where a single-ended output is utilized with twotransistors controlling the offset current sourced from two independentcurrent sources.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a further embodiment of amodulator device of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration, driven with a dissimilar DC current from aback-terminated differential driver, where a single-ended output isutilized with two transistors controlling the offset current sourcedfrom two independent current sources.

FIG. 15 is a functional block diagram of a modulator device thatincludes a linear modulator driver coupled to an optical modulator.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a modulatordevice of the proposed solution using a nppn SPP configuration, drivenby an asymmetrical DC voltage from a dual series-stacked emitterfollower push-pull differential driver.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of an offset control that could be usedin the modulator device or apparatus of FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is a graph of control currents of the offset control of FIG. 17versus values for a voltage offset applied to the optical modulator.

FIG. 19 is a graph of offset currents generated at the output of theoffset control of FIG. 17 versus values for a voltage offset applied tothe optical modulator.

FIG. 20 is a graph of offset voltages at the output of the linearmodulator driver of FIG. 16 versus values for a voltage offset appliedto the optical modulator.

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a modulatordevice of the proposed solution using a nppn SPP configuration, drivenby a single emitter follower push-pull differential driver.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As explained above with regards to FIG. 2, the pn junctions 204 of eachof the modulator arms 112 and 114 have different amounts of p andn-doped material associated with the optical waveguides 202 when, forexample, fabrication involves incorrect lithographic mask alignment(s)that defined the doped regions. FIG. 3 illustrates a voltage potentialphase shift (in radians) obtained in each arm 112 and 114 of the opticalmodulator 100 in the case of such imperfect fabrication. Specifically,the curve 302 illustrates the phase shift in the modulator arm 112resulting from different values of the applied reverse bias voltageVbias, while the curve 304 illustrates the phase shift in the modulatorarm 114 resulting from different values of the applied reverse biasvoltage Vbias.

Although the phase shift difference at the applied reverse bias voltage(at 2V as shown) is not large, the different slopes at this operationpoint (i.e., the different efficiencies in terms of phase shift per unitvoltage applied) are significant. Such an optical modulator 100 willinduce chirp on the optical carrier and lead to incurring a penalty inthe link budget.

A useful figure of merit for quantizing the effect of a mismatch inefficiency (i.e., a mismatch of V_(π)) between the arms 112 and 114(FIG. 1) of the optical modulator 100 is the radio frequency (RF)imbalance α. In accordance with a small modulation signal approximation,the phase shifts induced in both arms 112 and 114 around the reversebias voltage of operation Vbias can be expressed as a mean phase shiftΔϕ_(m) produced in the two arms 112 and 114, plus or minus a deviationΔϕ from it:

Δϕ₁=Δϕ_(m)+Δϕ=Δϕ_(m)(1+α)  (1)

Δϕ₂=Δϕ_(m)−Δϕ=Δϕ_(m)(1+α)  (2)

The imbalance (or, more generally, the RF imbalance) a is then therelative deviation from this mean phase shift. In the preceding, allphase shifts are defined as:

$\begin{matrix}{{\Delta\phi_{1}} = \left. \frac{d\;\phi_{1}}{dV} \middle| {}_{Vbias}{\Delta V} \right.} & (3)\end{matrix}$

where ΔV is the voltage difference with respect to the applied biasvoltage.

The RF imbalance α can thus be expressed as a function of the slopes ofthe phase versus voltage characteristics using:

$\begin{matrix}{\alpha = {\frac{{\Delta\phi}_{1} - {\Delta\phi}_{2}}{2{\Delta\phi}_{m}} = \frac{\left. \frac{d\phi_{1}}{dV} \middle| {}_{Vbias}{- \frac{d\phi_{2}}{dV}} \right|_{Vbias}}{\left. \frac{d\phi_{1}}{dV} \middle| {}_{Vbias}{+ \frac{d\phi_{2}}{dV}} \right|_{Vbias}}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

For example, the RF imbalance at 2V reverse bias in the case of FIG. 3is −0.096.

It is implicitly understood here that the efficiency of the two pnjunctions 110 depends upon the frequency at which the voltage (+S, −S)is modulated. As such, differing modulation efficiencies between the twopn junctions 110 could result from them having differing capacitances,leading to a frequency-dependent imbalance, hence the term “RF”imbalance. Additional frequency dependency could result, for example,from the circuit configuration itself, which can lead to one pn junctionbeing driven preferentially over the other at some frequencies, as canbe the case of pn junctions 110 used in a SPP configuration and drivenby a single-ended driver. For a modulation voltage varying in time, thepaths followed on the curves illustrated in FIG. 3 will be different ateach frequency of the modulating signal. Although the previous equationsdo not explicitly indicate the frequency dependency of α (i.e., α(f)),such dependency is understood to be implicitly addressed and covered bythe present disclosure.

Referring now to FIG. 4, with a direct current (DC)-coupled driver, someDC voltages are applied by the driver terminals to the modulatorelectrodes, such as the modulator electrodes 107. The DC voltages areillustrated by V₁ and V₂ in FIG. 4 (e.g., V₁ and V₂ can be the voltagesat the collectors of a differential transistor pair). Also, opticalmodulators (such as MZ modulators) are often travelling-wave modulatorsthat need to be terminated (illustrated as R_(T,1) and R_(T,2) in FIG.4, which should ideally be of the same value, or as R_(L) in FIG. 1).Finally, a frequent configuration is the open-collector configuration,which supplies the transistors' current through the termination, usingsome voltage, called V_(dd) in FIG. 4. Other sources of imbalancebetween the two arms 112 and 114 of the optical modulator 100 can resultfrom mismatched termination resistances (i.e., R_(T,1)≈R_(T,2)) andmismatched transistors' β parameter (i.e., DC current gain) within thedriver. Even if the manufacture does not introduce misalignment of thepn junctions 110 (FIG. 1), these additional sources can contribute, inpart, to the RF imbalance α.

As a note, the DC (reverse) bias voltage applied to pn junction i is,according to FIG. 4:

V _(bias,i) =V _(i) −V _(b) =V _(dd) −R _(T,i) i _(i) −V _(b)  (5)

where i_(i) is the DC current flowing through the termination resistorR_(T,i).

In accordance with the teachings herein, the arms of the opticalmodulator 100 can be made to exhibit the same phase modulationefficiency regardless of any manufacturing error(s) by supplying adissimilar reverse bias voltage to the two modulator arms 112 and 114.This is illustrated in FIG. 5, where separate bias voltages Vbias1 (2V)and Vbias2 (3.8V) are used for the first and second arms, respectively.At these operating points, the phase shift versus voltage slopes ofcurves 502, 504 are equal and, as such, the resulting RF imbalance isclose to zero. FIG. 6 further illustrates this by removing the phaseshift difference between the curves 502, 504 and by showing with theabscissa the modulation voltage applied to either pn junction relativeto its own reverse bias voltage (i.e., Vbias,pn1 or Vbias,pn2). It canbe seen that the two pn junctions then display very similar efficiencies(i.e., the same slope, or Vπ, for the adjusted curves 602, 604).Throughout the specification, references to “fabrication” or“manufacture” are understood as “wafer level manufacture.”

According to FIG. 4, providing different bias voltages to the pnjunctions can employ different voltages V₁ and V₂ at the driver outputterminals. According to some implementations, this can be achievedthrough use of a current offset control circuit in the driver, as isdescribed in greater detail herein below.

Before describing examples of circuits that can be used to control thecurrent offsets, one should observe that, in the previous example, oneof the bias voltages was kept unchanged (at 2V) while the other wasadjusted to cancel the RF imbalance. This is not necessarily the wayelectronic circuits operate. Rather, one of the bias voltages can bereduced, while the other can be increased, potentially by the sameamount. considering the RF imbalance when the change in bias voltage forone pn junction is equal and opposite to that for the other pn junction.FIG. 7 shows sets of bias voltages for pn junction 1 (Vbias,pn1) and pnjunction 2 (Vbias,pn2) that enable the cancellation of the RF imbalance.The point 702 illustrates the case used in FIG. 5. In contrast, atVbias,pn1=1.33V and Vbias,pn2=2.67V (i.e., the point 704), the pnjunction reverse bias voltages sit at equal distances on each side ofthe mean bias voltage of 2V, and the RF imbalance is cancelled. Thisconfiguration is illustrated in FIG. 8 relative to the curves 802, 804.

FIG. 9 illustrates a modulator device 900 of the proposed solution inthe case of an open collector (i.e., a drain for MOS devices) driver(i.e., a current or transconductance driver) with a differential output902, whereby each driver arm 904 and 906 provides a different DC current(I_(Offset1) and I_(Offset2)). This results in a dissimilar voltage dropat the terminations R_(T), resulting in a dissimilar reverse biasvoltage for the two pn junctions forming the optical modulator. Thisconfiguration allows using a single bias voltage V_(b) to polarize thepn junctions so that they operate in the depletion mode (i.e., reversebias operation), but operate with different reverse bias voltagesVbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, as described above.

According to FIGS. 4 and 9, the change in the reverse bias voltageapplied to pn junction i relates to the amount of current offsetprovided by the driver I_(Offset,i) as follows:

ΔV _(bias,i) =R _(T) I _(Offset,i)  (6)

In accordance with a practical example employing a mean driver DCcurrent of 50 mA circulating in each resistor R_(T), the amount ofcurrent variation could be limited to around ±20% of the driver current(i.e., ±10 mA). Across 25Ω resistors, this leads to a change in biasvoltage of ±0.25V. Operating pn junction 1 at 1.75V and pn junction 2 at2.25V leads to a RF imbalance α=−0.06, in the illustrative examplepresented earlier. Although this does not completely cancel the RFimbalance, it can be enough to make the optical modulator meet theapplicable RF imbalance specification and/or make the overall systemmeet the applicable link budget. The use of such current offsetcapability within the driver can provide sufficient adjustment in the pnjunction reverse bias to shift the statistical distribution of themodulator RF imbalance and increase the yield significantly.

Not only can this configuration compensate for optical modulatorinefficiency, it can also compensate for manufacturing errors in the twotermination resistors, R_(T,1) and R_(T,2), in FIG. 4. In an idealscenario where the two modulator electrodes (such as electrodes 107)have no manufacturing errors and have identical efficiencies, the sameDC voltages V₁ and V₂ (referring to FIG. 4) would be desirably appliedto each electrode, where V₁=V₂=V_(dd)−I_(DC)R_(T) (i.e., I_(Offset)would be 0 in this case). However, due to manufacturing errors in thetwo resistors R_(T) forming the termination, dissimilar voltage valuesfor V₁ and V₂ could result, which would lead to unequal reverse biasvoltages applied to the two pn junctions. In this case, the driver wouldbe configured to apply different current offsets at the outputs of itstwo arms, such that the resultant voltage drops across R_(T,1) andR_(T,2) are similar; in other words,I_(DC)R_(T,1)+I_(Offset1)R_(T,1)=I_(DC)R_(T,2)+I_(Offset2)R_(T,2).

This configuration can also correct for manufacturing errors in thedriver's output transistors Q1 and Q2, where the two transistors couldnot be made identical through manufacture, resulting in differing valuesfor I_(Offset1) and I_(Offset2). This results from a transconductancemismatch g_(m), a mismatch in the current gain, or both. To compensate,dissimilar voltages V_(Offset1) and V_(Offset2) are applied to the baseof the transistors Q1 and Q2, respectively. In FIG. 9, the offsetcontrol 908 includes electronics determining the applicable currentoffsets.

FIG. 10 provides a variation of FIG. 9. That is, FIG. 10 illustrates amodulator device 1000 of the proposed solution in the case of an opencollector driver where the offset is provided using two additionaltransistors Q3 and Q4. The transistors Q1 and Q2 provide the modulatedcomplementary currents I_(sig) and I_(sig) and DC current I_(DC)responsive to differing voltages V_(DC)+V_(sig) and V_(DC)+V_(sig)applied to the base of the transistors Q1 and Q2, respectively.Transistors Q3 and Q4 add the offset correction current I_(Offset1) andI_(Offset2) to correct for manufacturing errors responsive to differingvoltages V_(Offset1) and V_(Offset2) applied to the base of thetransistors Q3 and Q4, respectively. This combination enables adifferential output 1002 having larger correction range for the pnjunction reverse bias voltage, enabling not only reduction of the RFimbalance, but sufficient cancellation, while reducing distortion. InFIG. 10, the offset control 1008 includes electronics determining theapplicable voltage offsets.

FIG. 11 illustrates a modulator device 1100 of the proposed solutionemploying a back-terminated differential driver 1110 with a differentialoutput 1102, whereby each driver arm 904 and 906 provides a different DCcurrent (I_(Offset1) and I_(Offset2)) responsive to differing voltagesV_(sig)+V_(Offset1) and V_(sig) +V_(Offset2) applied to the base of thetransistors Q1 and Q2, respectively. Again, this results in a dissimilarvoltage drop at the termination resistors R_(T), resulting in dissimilarreverse bias voltages for the two pn junctions of the modulator device1100. This configuration allows using a single bias voltage V_(b) tobias the pn junctions so that they operate in the depletion mode (i.e.,reverse bias operation), but operate with different individual reversebias voltages Vbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, as described above. In FIG. 11,the offset control 1108 includes electronics determining the applicablevoltage offsets.

FIG. 12 provides a variation of FIG. 11, where the offset is providedusing two additional transistors Q3 and Q4. That is, FIG. 12 is amodulator device 1200 of the proposed solution using a nppn SPPconfiguration driven with a dissimilar DC current from a back-terminateddifferential driver, which further includes separate transistors Q3 andQ4 providing offset currents. The transistors Q1 and Q2 provide themodulated complementary currents I_(sig) and I_(sig) and DC currentI_(DC) responsive to differing voltages V_(DC)+V_(sig) andV_(DC)+V_(sig) applied to the base of the transistors Q1 and Q2,respectively. Transistors Q3 and Q4 add the offset correction currentI_(Offset1) and I_(Offset2) to correct for manufacturing errorsresponsive to differing voltages V_(Offset1) and V_(Offset2) applied tothe base of the transistors Q3 and Q4, respectively. Again, like thedifference between the configuration of FIG. 10 as compared to that inFIG. 9, this configuration enables a differential output 1202 a largercorrection range for the pn junction reverse bias voltage as compared tothe configuration of FIG. 11. This enables not only reduction of the RFimbalance, but sufficient cancellation, while reducing distortion. InFIG. 12, the offset control 1208 includes electronics determining theapplicable voltage offsets.

FIG. 13 illustrates a modulator device 1300 of the proposed solutionemploying an open collector (i.e., a drain for MOS devices) driver(i.e., a current or transconductance driver) with a differential output1302. Each driver arm 904 and 906 provides a different DC current(I_(sig)+I_(Offset1) and I_(sig) +I_(Offset2)) responsive to differingvoltages V_(sig)+V_(Offset1) and V_(sig) +V_(Offset2) applied to thebase of the transistors Q1 and Q2, respectively. This results in adissimilar voltage drop at the termination resistors R_(T), resulting ina dissimilar reverse bias voltage for the two pn junctions forming themodulator device 1300. This configuration allows using a single biasvoltage V_(b) to bias the pn junctions so that they operate in thedepletion mode (i.e., reverse bias operation), but operate withdifferent individual reverse bias voltages Vbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, asdescribed above. In this single-ended output embodiment, Q1 and Q2,which control the offset current, are sourced from two independentcurrent sources associated with the open collector driver 1314. In FIG.12, the offset control 1308 includes electronics determining theapplicable voltage offsets.

FIG. 14 illustrates a modulator device 1400 of the proposed solutionemploying a back-terminated differential driver 1110 with a differentialoutput 1402, whereby each driver arm 904 and 906 provides a different DCcurrent (I_(Offset1) and I_(Offset2)) responsive to differing voltagesV_(sig)+V_(Offset1) and V_(sig) +V_(Offset2) applied to the base of thetransistors Q1 and Q2, respectively. Again, this results in a dissimilarvoltage drop at the termination resistors R_(T), resulting in adissimilar reverse bias voltage for the two pn junctions of themodulator device 1400. This configuration employs a single bias voltageV_(b) to bias the pn junctions so that they operate in the depletionmode (i.e., reverse bias operation), but operate with different reversebias voltages Vbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, as described above. In thissingle-ended output embodiment, the transistors Q1 and Q2, which controlthe offset current, are again sourced from two independent currentsources associated with the back-terminated differential driver 1314. InFIG. 12, the offset control 1308 includes electronics determining theapplicable offset signals (here, voltage offsets).

In general, the optical devices above describe an optical modulatorcontrol circuit that can generate a first input voltage V_(sig) and asecond input voltage V_(sig). These voltages are determined to produce atarget phase modulation between a first optical waveguide arm 904 and asecond optical waveguide arm 906 of an optical modulator. An offsetcontrol circuit, such as offset control 1008, 1108, 1208, 1308, 1408, isconfigured to generate a first offset signal V_(sig)+V_(offset1) orV_(offset1) and a second offset signal V_(sig) +V_(Offset2) orV_(Offset2) based on the first input voltage and the second inputvoltage. Different implementations of a linear modulator driver receivethe first offset signal and the second offset signal, and then generate,using the first offset signal, a first output voltage V₁ for biasing thefirst optical waveguide arm and generate, using the second offsetsignal, a second output voltage V₂ for biasing the second opticalwaveguide arm. The first output voltage is different from the firstinput voltage and/or the second output voltage is different from thesecond input voltage.

In the above optical modulator devices, the linear modulator drivercomprises an open collector (high impedance current source) architectureto drive the optical (e.g., MZ) modulator to reduce an imbalance of thephase modulation of the optical modulator that, in turn, creates anundesirable phase variation of the optical carrier at the output of themodulator. The imbalance may be caused by fabrication errors in theprocessing and manufacture of the modulator, offsets (voltage orcurrent) at the output of a driver, or both. As described in additionaldetail below, other linear modulator driver architectures may be used asthe linear modulator driver, such as a differential push-pull amplifier(low impedance, voltage source) architecture that allows a large swingto correct for dissimilarity between the two arms of the opticalmodulator, and hence reduces or eliminates the imbalance. That is, forexample, a linear modulator driver can intentionally introduce an offsetcurrent control to create an offset voltage at the driver output tocompensate the modulator imbalance, the driver's own imbalance, or both.A feedback mechanism or feedback circuit may be used to measure theoffset voltage and provide it as input to an offset control for thedriver.

Implementations of such a linear modulator driver may be explainedgenerally with reference to the functional block diagram of FIG. 15. InFIG. 15, the optical modulator device or apparatus 1500 includes alinear modulator driver 1510 that is coupled to and drives an opticalmodulator 1520. As with the above examples, an optical modulator control1530 is included. The optical modulator control 1530 provides targetvoltages V_(in) ⁺ and V_(in) ⁻ for operation of the optical modulator1520. For example, the target or input voltages V_(in) ⁺ and V_(in) ⁻may be voltages that, when applied to respective electrodes of theoptical modulator 1520, cause the optical modulator 1520 to produce thedesired output absent the imbalances described above. More specifically,the optical modulator control 1530 is a control circuit that generates afirst input voltage V_(in) ⁺ and a second input voltage V_(in) ⁻, wherethe first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ and the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻are based on a target phase modulation between a first optical waveguidearm and a second optical waveguide arm of the optical modulator 1520.The target phase modulation may correspond to a target differencebetween values for Vbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, such as a target differenceof 0 or close to 0, for example. The target phase modulation mayrepresent a condition wherein the first optical waveguide arm and thesecond optical waveguide arm exhibit the same phase modulation or adefined different phase modulation.

Offset control 1540, as also included in the previous examples, producesoffset signals Offset and Offset for input into the linear modulatordriver 1510. Offset control 1540 in this example is an offset controlcircuit that generates a first offset signal Offset and a second offsetsignal Offset based on the first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ and the secondinput voltage V_(in) ⁻. That is, in accordance with the initialdiscussion of the problem, a control signal for the offset control 1540introduces a difference DC voltage to the input voltages V_(in) ⁺ andV_(in) ⁻ to either null out the difference in the driver's own outputasymmetry, the optical modulator imbalance, or both.

In the examples below, the offset signals to achieve this are currentoffset signals, I_(Offset) and I_(Offset) , that are based on the firstinput voltage V_(in) ⁺ and the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻, forexample, based on the values needed to generate the first output voltageV_(O) ⁺ (corresponding to V1 in FIG. 4) and the second output voltageV_(O) ⁻ (corresponding to V2 in FIG. 4) given the target values forthese values, e.g., the input voltages V_(in) ⁺ and V_(in) ⁻, to achievethe desired modulator output.

The linear modulator driver 1510 is a driver control circuit thatreceives the first offset signal Offset and the second offset signalOffset. The linear modulator driver 1510 generates the first outputvoltage V_(O) ⁺ for biasing the first optical waveguide arm of theoptical modulator 1520 using the first offset signal Offset, andgenerates the second output voltage V_(O) ⁻ for biasing the secondoptical waveguide arm of the optical modulator 1520 using the secondoffset signal Offset. At least one of the first output voltage V_(O) ⁺is different from the first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ or the second outputvoltage V_(O) ⁻ is different from the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻.More specifically, as explained above with regards to FIG. 7, one of thevoltages applied to bias an arm may be kept unchanged while the othermay be adjusted to cancel any (e.g., RF) imbalance.

In the examples described herein, each of the voltages applied to bias arespective arm may be changed. That is, one voltage such as the firstinput voltage V_(in) ⁺ may be reduced to the first output voltage V_(O)⁺, while the other such as the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻ may beincreased to the second output voltage V_(O) ⁻. The change to each maybe made by the same offset amount, or a different offset amount. Wherethe first offset signal is the first offset current Ioffset and thesecond offset signal is the second offset current Ioffset, the linearmodulator driver 1510 may receive the first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ andthe second input voltage V_(in) ⁻, generate the first output voltageV_(O) ⁺ for biasing the first optical waveguide arm by modifying thefirst input voltage V_(in) ⁺ using the first offset current Ioffset, andgenerate the second output voltage V_(O) ⁻ for biasing the secondoptical waveguide arm by modifying the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻using the second offset current Ioffset.

An optional feedback mechanism or circuit 1550 may supply the firstoutput voltage V_(O) ⁺ and the second output voltage V_(O) ⁻ to theoffset control 1540 for use in generating the values for the firstoffset signal Offset and the second offset signal Offset. Anotheroptional feedback mechanism or circuit comprises a receiver 1560 and asupervisory channel 1570 that may feed back a signal based on the outputof the optical modulator 1520 as input to the offset control 1540 formodifying the first offset signal and the second offset signal. Each ofthese circuits is discussed in additional detail below.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a modulatordevice 1600 of the proposed solution using a nppn SPP configuration,driven by an asymmetrical DC voltage from a dual series-stacked emitterfollower push-pull differential driver 1610 as the linear modulatordriver 1510. This linear modulator driver 1610 is a modification to adriver architecture presented in the paper: “57.5 GHz Bandwidth 4.8VppSwing Linear Modulator Driver for 64Gbaud m-PAM Systems”, by A. Zandiehin 2017. That driver architecture includes, in an output stage, a linearseries-stacked differential emitter follower and a linear cascode. Inthe linear modulator driver 1610 of FIG. 16, the linear series-stackeddifferential emitter follower comprises the transistors Q15-Q18 and thelinear cascode comprises MOSFET-transistor (MOS-HBT) pairs including Q11and Q5 and Q12 and Q6.

In addition, the linear modulator driver 1610 includes two transistorsQ8 and Q9, which are driven by two offset signals, in this example thefirst current set I_(offset) and the second current offset I_(offset) ,in the second linear cascode to raise the signal level driving twofurther series-stacked emitter followers (i.e., the transistor pairs Q3and Q7 and Q4 and Q10). As shown, the first current offset I_(offset)and the second current offset I_(offset) are supplied by the offsetcontrol 1540 using a control signal provided through a digital to analogconverter DAC 1640. The control signal corresponds to the control signaldescribed above that introduces a difference DC voltage value in the pand n output complements. In this example, the offset control is fed bya control current IOOFS (current output offset signal) using a (e.g.,on-chip) DAC 1640. However, the offset control 1540 may also be fed by a(e.g., off-chip) control voltage.

The optical modulator control 1530, like the control shown in theprevious solutions, includes a source AC signal that provides analternating DATA signal that is amplified to provide inputs to thelinear modulator driver 1510. In this case, the amplifier is referred toas a pre-amp to reflect that the first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ and thesecond input voltage V_(in) ⁻ are subsequently modified by the linearmodulator driver 1510. Specifically, the optical modulator control 1530applies the first input voltage V_(in) ⁺ and the second input voltageV_(in) ⁻ to a gate of each of the linear cascodes, applying the firstinput voltage V_(in) ⁺ to the gate of the transistors Q3, Q5 andapplying the second input voltage V_(in) ⁻ to the gate of thetransistors Q4, Q6. The linear cascodes are biased by transistors Q1, Q2having a common voltage applied to their gates (e.g., based on thecurrent IOTC), and with their respective sources coupled to ground.

As mentioned, driving the two transistors Q8 and Q9 by the first currentoffset I_(offset) and the second current offset I_(offset) in the secondlinear cascode raises the signal level driving two series-stackedemitter followers. This raised signal level results in a dissimilarvoltage drop at the resistor dividers R1/R3 and R2/R4, which in turnresults in a dissimilar voltage at the base of each emitter followerseries-stacked pair Q15/Q18 and Q16/Q18. As a result, the outputappearing at the lower emitter followers Q15, Q16 are level shifted downfrom the voltage appearing at their respective bases. This, in turn,results in a DC difference at the output, namely the second outputvoltage V_(O) ⁻ and the first output voltage V_(O) ⁺ and a dissimilarreverse bias voltage for the two pn junctions forming the opticalmodulator 1520, in this example a SPP MZ modulator.

This configuration allows using a single bias voltage V_(b) to polarizethe pn junctions so that they operate in the depletion mode (reversebias operation), and also operate with different reverse bias voltagesVbias,pn1 and Vbias,pn2, as explained earlier. Specifically, andreferring to FIG. 4, the change in the reverse bias voltage applied topn junction i relates to the amount of current offset ΔI_(offset)provided to the driver 1610, as follows:

ΔV _(bias)=(R1+R3)ΔI _(offset)  (7)

In equation (7), it is assumed that ΔI_(offset)=I_(offset)−I_(offset) ,and the resultant voltage drop at R1+R3 equals that at R2+R4.

In an example of operation of the optical modulator device 1600, a DCcurrent is shared between the left and right cascodes, the amount ofcurrent offset between Q13 and Q14 could be limited to about ±10% of thedriver current (i.e., about ±5 mA). Assuming values of R1=48Ω andR3=12Ω, a drop across R1+R3 leads to a change in voltage of ±0.30V.Operating pn junction 1 at 1.7V and pn junction 2 at 2.3V as describedin the example of FIG. 8 leads to a RF imbalance of −0.07. Although thedriver does not cancel the RF imbalance, this RE imbalance can besufficient to make the optical modulator 1520 meet an RF imbalancedesign specification, meet a desired link budget, or both. The use ofsuch current offset capability within the linear modulator driver 1610can provide sufficient adjustment in the pn junction reverse bias toshift the statistical distribution of the RF imbalances andsignificantly increase the resulting yield.

Implementations of the optical modulator device 1500, such as theoptical modulator device 1600, in addition to compensating for themodulator inefficiency, can also compensate for fabrication errors incomponents of the driver. For example, the optical modulator device 1600can compensate for fabrication errors in the resistor divider networkscomprising (R₁+R₃) and (R₂+R₄). In an ideal scenario where the modulatorelectrodes have no fabrication error and have identical efficiencies,the same values for the DC output voltages V_(O) ⁺ and V_(O) ⁻ would bedesired on the respective electrodes and ΔI_(offset)=0. However,fabrication error in one or both of the two resistors in the resistordivider network driving the two series-stacked emitter followers, mayresult in dissimilar values for the first output voltage V_(O) ⁺ and thesecond output voltage V_(O) ⁻. In turn, the dissimilar values would leadto unequal reverse bias voltages for the two pn junctions. In such acase, the transistors Q8 and Q9 can apply different current offsets, sothat the resultant voltage drops across R1+R3 and R2+R4, are identical.In other words, (R1+R3)I_(offset)=(R2+R4)I_(offset) .

As another example, the optical modulator device 1600 can compensate forfabrication errors in the left cascode transistors Q3 and Q4. Sucherrors may result where the respective transconductance gain g_(n)and/or the respective current gain β of the two transistors Q3, Q4 arenot identical. The errors result in differing currents through Q13 andQ14. To compensate, dissimilar values for ΔI_(offset) may be applied tothe emitter of Q8 and Q9.

For the above compensation, the optional feedback mechanism or circuit1550 may be implemented that passes feedback voltages corresponding tothe first output voltage V_(O) ⁺ and the second output V_(O) ⁻ to theoffset control 1540. The offset control 1540 can then modify the firstoffset signal (e.g., I_(offset)), the second offset signal (e.g.,I_(offset) ), or both, while maintaining the same voltage offset at theoutput to the optical modulator 1520 that corrects for manufacturingerrors therein, if any. In FIG. 16, the feedback circuit 1550 includesrespective resistor divider networks R5/R7 and R6/R8 are used to measurethe output or voltage offset, generally through an analog to digitalconverter (ADC).

Various circuits may achieve the results indicated for the offsetcontrol 1540 above. One example is shown in FIG. 17, which is aschematic diagram of an offset control 1740 that could be used in themodulator device or apparatus 1600 of FIG. 16 as the offset control1540. In general, the offset control 1740 includes an input buffer 1742,followed by a current steering circuit 1744 that is based on thedirection of current in R12, by an N-channel mirror 1746A and aP-channel mirror 1746B, and a common gate output buffer 1748. Inputsinclude the positive supply voltage Vin (in an example 2.8 V), andControl, which controls the offset signals. In this example, Controlcontrols the offset currents Ioffset and Ioffsetb) and is set by adigital to analog converter from the feedback circuit (such as DAC 1640from feedback circuit 1550), The value for Control is set by themeasured voltages VCOLP and VCOLN. While the offset control 1740 may useother switching devices such as bipolar transistors for switching, theexample shown in FIG. 17 uses MOSFETs.

In more detail, the offset control 1740 is typically fed by a controlcurrent IOOFS or a control voltage as discussed with regards to FIG. 16.Once passed through the input buffer 1742, the control current feeds thesources of an nFET Q37 and a pFET Q39, respectively, that belong to thecurrent steering circuit 1744. The current steering circuit 1744 may beor include a class AB amplifier. The currents of the current steeringcircuit 1744 may be described with reference to the graph of FIG. 18.When the control current is 0 uA, both the nFET Q37 and the pFET Q39 areslightly turned on. When the control current is applied in the forwarddirection, the nFET Q37 is turned off and the pFET Q39 starts toconduct. Conversely, when the control current is applied in the reversedirection, the pFET Q39 is turned off and the nFET Q37 conducts. In FIG.18, these currents—the control current, the nFET control current, andthe pFET control current, are plotted against values for the voltageoffset applied to the optical modulator 1520 (also referred to as theoutput offset). The output offset may be determined as the voltagedifference (in mV) between V_(O) ⁺ and V_(O) ⁻ (e.g., V_(O) ⁺−V_(O) ⁻)in some implementations.

The drains for each of the nFET Q37 and the pFET Q39 are connected totheir respective gain current mirrors, namely the N-channel mirror 1746Aand the P-channel mirror 1746B. For a control current in the positivedirection, the drain of the pFET Q39 feeds into transistors Q38, Q33 ofthe N-channel mirror 1746A, and accordingly drives the output Ioffsetthrough the transistor Q25. The drain of the nFET Q37 feeds into thetransistors Q29, Q31, Q32, Q34, and Q35 of the P-channel mirror 1746B,which feeds transistors Q30 and Q28 of the N-channel mirror 1746A, whichin turn drives the output Ioffsetb through the transistor Q26.

At the common gate output buffer 1748, the gates of the transistors Q29,Q25, and Q26 are connected to a common d.c. bias point generated by theresistive divider R13, R16, and R17. That is, the transistors Q29, Q25,and Q26 are all common gate transistors used to isolate the drains ofthe transistors Q32, Q33, and Q28 from their respective loads. Theoutputs from the common gate output buffer 1748 correspond to the firstoffset signal (e.g., I_(offset)) and the second offset signal (e.g.,I_(offset) ) in FIGS. 15 and 16. FIG. 19 is a graph of these offsetcurrents generated at the output of the offset control 1740. They areplotted against values for the voltage offset (e.g., the output offsetV_(O) ⁺−V_(O) ⁻) applied to the optical modulator 1520.

FIG. 20 is a graph of offset voltages at the output of the linearmodulator driver 1620 of FIG. 16 versus values for a voltage offset(e.g., the output offset V_(O) ⁺−V_(O) ⁻) applied to the opticalmodulator 1520. This demonstrates the behavior of the linear modulatordriver 1620 at the outputs V_(O) ⁺ (out) and V_(O) ⁻ (outb) with the twooffset signals (e.g., offset currents I_(offset) and I_(offsetb)) inputfrom the offset control 1540.

Referring back to FIG. 15, the optional feedback circuit 1550 isdescribed above. The feedback circuit 1550 may be used in conjunctionwith the other optional feedback mechanism or circuit that comprises thereceiver 1560 and the supervisory channel 1570. To distinguish thelatter feedback circuit, it may be referred to as an optical modulatorfeedback circuit. In general, the optical modulator feedback circuitfeeds back a signal based on the output of the optical modulator 1520 asinput to the offset control 1540 for modifying the first offset signaland the second offset signal. More specifically, the optical modulatorfeedback circuit may receive an output of the optical modulator,determine a performance measure of the optical modulator using theoutput, and transmit an input signal to the offset control circuit tomodify the first offset signal and the second offset signal using theperformance measure.

The output of the optical modulator 1520 may be a light output receivedby the receiver 1560, such as a receiver familiar to those skilled inthe art. The receiver 1560 may determine the performance measure. Forexample, the performance measure may be an indication of the targetphase modulation between the first optical waveguide arm and the secondoptical waveguide arm of the optical modulator 1520. The performancemeasure may be chirp in the output of the optical modulator 1520. Theperformance measure may be a transmitter dispersed system performancemeasure such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the required opticalsignal-to-noise ratio (ROSNR), and/or the implementation noise (IMN).The supervisory channel 1570 may use the performance measure todetermine the input signal for the offset control 1540. For example, theinput signal may be a new offset signal (e.g., an offset current) forinput to the offset control 1540 at the DAC 1640 shown in FIG. 16.

The output of the linear modulator driver, more specifically, thevoltage offset between the first output voltage V_(O) ⁺ and the secondoutput voltage V_(O) ⁻ may be calibrated to minimize a differencebetween the target phase modulation and an actual phase modulation ofthe optical modulator. This compensates for the transmitter chirp. Thetwo feedback circuits may be used for this purpose. That is, calibratingthe voltage offset may include adjusting the control signal (e.g.,IOOFS) to the offset control circuit 1540 that determines the firstoffset signal and the second offset signal until the first outputvoltage is equal to the second output voltage (e.g., such that VCOLN andVCOLP provided by the feedback circuit 1550 in FIG. 16 are equal). Thiscorrects for any asymmetry in the p- and n-portions of the linearmodulator driver 1510. Then, the output of the optical modulator 1520 ismeasured or otherwise determined that indicates the actual phasemodulation (e.g., by the optical modulator feedback circuit). Thisoutput may correspond to the performance measure described previously.The voltage offset is calibrated (minimizing chirp) when the actualphase modulation (as indicated by the performance measure) is within adefined range about the target phase modulation. This may occur when,for example, the performance measure is below a defined maximum value,such as with a maximum chirp or a defined link budget.

In some implementations, these steps of adjusting the control signal tothe offset control circuit 1540 and determining the output of theoptical modulator 1520 may need to be repeated. For example, where thereis an imbalance in the arms of the optical modulator 1520, the firstadjustment of the control signal will not address that imbalance.Accordingly, calibrating the voltage offset may include, responsive todetermining that the actual phase modulation is outside the definedrange about the target phase modulation, repeating the adjusting and themeasuring until the actual phase modulation is within the defined rangeabout the target phase modulation. This process negates the overalldriver and modulator imbalances, resulting in improved systemperformance and/or chirp.

Another variation of the optical modulator devices described herein isshown in FIG. 21. FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram illustrating anembodiment of a modulator device 2100 of the proposed solution using anppn SPP configuration. This implementation of the optical modulatordevice 1500 is similar to the optical modulator device 1600. However,instead of a linear modulator driver 1610 comprising a dualseries-stacked emitter follower push-pull differential driver, thelinear modulator driver 1710 comprises a single emitter followerpush-pull differential driver. In this variation, the MOS transistors inthe current sources and lower part of the left/right cascode are changedto HBT. This architecture may also be referred to as a Single EmitterFollower Push-Pull (SEFPP). The offset control 1540 may comprise theoffset control circuit of FIG. 17. A detailed operation of this driveris omitted as it is cumulative to the description of the operation ofthe driver of FIG. 16.

The apparatuses, circuits, and methods described herein are broadlyapplicable to lumped and distributed driver and optical modulatorelement applications, applying equally to SPP applications utilizing apnnp configuration, for example. These apparatuses, circuits, andmethods can be applied to reverse biased pn junctions, as well as to pnjunctions in forward conduction. The apparatuses, circuits, and methodsare applicable to optical modulators utilizing multiple sections, eachsection being driven individually by its own driver. Each section couldbe driven with the same signal shifted in time or using differentsignals, as in an optical DAC (with each section driven by the signalcorresponding to one bit of the modulation format), for example.

The proposed apparatuses, circuits, and methods improve the robustnessof an optical modulator to mask misalignment during its manufacture byproviding independent bias to each pn junction, while at the same timeenabling maximum power/electrical swing being delivered to the opticalmodulator. Advantageously, the apparatuses, circuits, and methodsconsume less power and may be more compact than alternative schemes.

An alternative, conventional linear drivers for high-order n-QAM/OFDMcoherent and high-order PAM-n/DMT intensity modulation systems andcarrier-less amplitude phase modulation (CAP-n) systems intentionallyattempt to have the same common mode voltage or collector currenttraveling in both output complements transistors Q1 and Q2 in order tominimize even order harmonic distortion. As the result of thisarchitecture, a common bias V₁ and V₂ on the two MZ modulator arms +Sand −S is provided, where V₁=V₂=V_(dd)−I_(DC)R_(T). This is applicableto both open collector and back-terminated drivers, for example. Theshortcoming of this solution is that it does not address MZ modulatorarm mismatch or resistor mismatch, as discussed herein above.

To address this shortcoming, it is possible to independently bias the pnjunctions in the two MZ modulator arms by using a driver (either opencollector/drain or back-terminated) that is supplied with two differentvoltages that can be independently adjusted to address the MZ modulatorimbalance and termination resistor RT inequalities. However, thisconfiguration is disadvantageous. Although it does solve the MZmodulator imbalance with two separate supplies Vsp and Vsn, it is verycomplex to implement because it requires two independent voltageregulators, increasing the complexity in highly-integrated and compactsolutions.

It is further possible to AC-couple the driver (either opencollector/drain or back-terminated) to the MZ modulator. Again, thedriver is supplied with two different voltages that can be independentlyadjusted to solve the MZ modulator imbalance and termination resistorR_(T) inequalities. Again, this configuration is disadvantageous. Whileit does solve the MZ modulator imbalance with two separate supplies, thedriver current I_(DC) is isolated to inductors, thus eliminating thecurrent requirements on the two independent MZ modulator bias supplies.This is very complex to manufacture because it requires the addition ofbias tees and DC blocks to isolate the DC common mode of the driver fromthe MZ modulator bias, thus increasing the complexity inhighly-integrated and compact packaging solutions and moreoverincreasing RF losses.

The above alternative solutions either do not provide a solution to MZmodulator or termination resistor imbalance, and in configurations wherethey do provide an imbalance solution, they are complex in terms ofpackaging and implementation, whereby additional DACs and regulators arerequired to provide independent bias and bias tees and DC blocks todistinguish the driver output common mode voltage from the MZ modulatorbias. This prohibits use in compact highly-integrated packages, such asCoherent Optical Sub-Assemblies (COSAs) and Integrated CoherentTransmitter-Receiver Optical Sub-Assemblies (IC-TROSAs).

Another alternative solution is to use the driver topology presented inthe paper identified above. In order to use the push-pull amplifier withan external biasing circuit, the interface between the output of thedriver and the optical modulator arms requires DC blocks (AC coupling),to isolate the DC common mode of the output from the optical modulatorbias. The optical modulator is supplied with two different voltages Vspand Vsn, so that they can be independently adjusted to solve themodulator imbalance. This configuration is also disadvantageous.Although it solves the modulator imbalance with two separate suppliesVsp and Vsn, this solution incurs higher RF losses due to theintroduction of DC blocks and requires two independent voltageregulators or DACs, thus increasing the complexity in highly integratedand compact solutions.

All embodiments of the proposed solution are based on controlling the DCoffset of the driver output complements, resulting in modulator pairsthat have the same efficiency, thereby sufficiently negatingmanufacturing error and resultant modulator chirp. In the transmittersection of a COSA, for example, RF imbalance is one important parameterof the modulator, such as one required for QPSK modulation. One cause ofRF imbalance is the unequal phase modulation efficiency in the two armsof the optical modulator. The proposed solution minimizes the RFimbalance of modulators and increases the manufacturing yield, improvingtransmitter performance to meet a chirp parameter <±0.05, for example,while providing a compact solution as optical modems evolve to beinghighly integrated and compact for inclusion into pluggables andoptics-on-board (OBO) solutions. It should be noted that the devices andmethods of the proposed solution are not limited to SiP-basedtechnologies, but could also benefit InP-based modulators and the likeas they would also have some manufacturing errors, even if to a smallerdegree.

As used herein, the terminology “computer” or “computing device”includes any unit, or combination of units, capable of performing anymethod, or any portion or portions thereof, disclosed herein. Thecomputer or computing device may include a processor.

As used herein, the terminology “processor” indicates one or moreprocessors, such as one or more special purpose processors, one or moredigital signal processors, one or more microprocessors, one or morecontrollers, one or more microcontrollers, one or more applicationprocessors, one or more central processing units (CPU)s, one or moregraphics processing units (GPU)s, one or more digital signal processors(DSP)s, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASIC)s,one or more application specific standard products, one or more fieldprogrammable gate arrays, any other type or combination of integratedcircuits, one or more state machines, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the terminology “memory” indicates any computer-usableor computer-readable medium or device that can tangibly contain, store,communicate, or transport any signal or information that may be used byor in connection with any processor. For example, a memory may be one ormore read-only memories (ROM), one or more random access memories (RAM),one or more registers, low power double data rate (LPDDR) memories, oneor more cache memories, one or more semiconductor memory devices, one ormore magnetic media, one or more optical media, one or moremagneto-optical media, or any combination thereof.

As used herein, the terminology “instructions” may include directions orexpressions for performing any method, or any portion or portionsthereof, disclosed herein, and may be realized in hardware, software, orany combination thereof. For example, instructions may be implemented asinformation, such as a computer program, stored in memory that may beexecuted by a processor to perform any of the respective methods,algorithms, aspects, or combinations thereof, as described herein.Instructions, or a portion thereof, may be implemented as a specialpurpose processor, or circuitry, that may include specialized hardwarefor carrying out any of the methods, algorithms, aspects, orcombinations thereof, as described herein. In some implementations,portions of the instructions may be distributed across multipleprocessors on a single device, on multiple devices, which maycommunicate directly or across a network such as a local area network, awide area network, the Internet, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “application” refers generally to a unit ofexecutable software that implements or performs one or more functions,tasks or activities. The unit of executable software generally runs in apredetermined environment and/or a processor.

As used herein, the terminology “determine” and “identify,” or anyvariations thereof includes selecting, ascertaining, computing, lookingup, receiving, determining, establishing, obtaining, or otherwiseidentifying or determining in any manner whatsoever using one or more ofthe devices and methods are shown and described herein.

As used herein, the terminology “example,” “embodiment,”“implementation,” “aspect,” “feature,” or “element” indicates serving asan example, instance, or illustration. Unless expressly indicated, anyexample, embodiment, implementation, aspect, feature, or element isindependent of each other example, embodiment, implementation, aspect,feature, or element and may be used in combination with any otherexample, embodiment, implementation, aspect, feature, or element.

As used herein, the terminology “or” is intended to mean an inclusive“or” rather than an exclusive “or.” That is unless specified otherwise,or clear from context, “X includes A or B” is intended to indicate anyof the natural inclusive permutations. That is if X includes A; Xincludes B; or X includes both A and B, then “X includes A or B” issatisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, thearticles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appendedclaims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unlessspecified otherwise or clear from the context to be directed to asingular form.

Further, for simplicity of explanation, although the figures anddescriptions herein may include sequences or series of steps or stages,elements of the methods disclosed herein may occur in various orders orconcurrently. Additionally, elements of the methods disclosed herein mayoccur with other elements not explicitly presented and described herein.Furthermore, not all elements of the methods described herein may berequired to implement a method in accordance with this disclosure.Although aspects, features, and elements are described herein inparticular combinations, each aspect, feature, or element may be usedindependently or in various combinations with or without other aspects,features, and elements.

Further, the figures and descriptions provided herein may be simplifiedto illustrate aspects of the described embodiments that are relevant fora clear understanding of the herein disclosed processes, machines,manufactures, and/or compositions of matter, while eliminating for thepurpose of clarity other aspects that may be found in typical similardevices, systems, compositions and methods. Those of ordinary skill maythus recognize that other elements and/or steps may be desirable ornecessary to implement the devices, systems, compositions and methodsdescribed herein. However, because such elements and steps are wellknown in the art, and because they do not facilitate a betterunderstanding of the disclosed embodiments, a discussion of suchelements and steps may not be provided herein. However, the presentdisclosure is deemed to inherently include all such elements,variations, and modifications to the described aspects that would beknown to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art in light of thediscussion herein.

While the disclosure has been described in connection with certainembodiments, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to belimited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intendedto cover various modifications, combinations, and equivalentarrangements included within the scope of the appended claims, whichscope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompassall such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted underthe law.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: an optical modulatorcontrol circuit configured to generate a first input voltage and asecond input voltage, the first input voltage and the second inputvoltage determined to produce a target phase modulation between a firstoptical waveguide arm and a second optical waveguide arm of an opticalmodulator; an offset control circuit configured to generate a firstoffset signal and a second offset signal based on the first inputvoltage and the second input voltage; and a linear modulator driverconfigured to receive the first offset signal and the second offsetsignal; generate, using the first offset signal, a first output voltagefor biasing the first optical waveguide arm; and generate, using thesecond offset signal, a second output voltage for biasing the secondoptical waveguide arm, wherein at least one of the first output voltageis different from the first input voltage or the second output voltageis different from the second input voltage.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first offset signal is a first offset current and the secondoffset signal is a second offset current, and the linear modulatordriver is configured to receive the first input voltage and the secondinput voltage; generate the first output voltage for biasing the firstoptical waveguide arm by modifying the first input voltage using thefirst offset current; and generate the second output voltage for biasingthe second optical waveguide arm by modifying the second input voltageusing the second offset current.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a feedback circuit configured to feed the first outputvoltage and the second output voltage to the offset control circuit,wherein the offset control circuit is configured to generate the firstoffset signal and the second offset signal using the first outputvoltage and the second output voltage.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the target phase modulation represents a condition wherein thefirst optical waveguide arm and the second optical waveguide arm exhibitone of a same phase modulation or a defined different phase modulation.5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising the optical modulator,the optical modulator comprising a first electrode coupled to the firstoptical waveguide arm, and a second electrode coupled to the secondoptical waveguide arm, wherein the linear modulator driver is coupled toeach of the first electrode and the second electrode for respectivelyapplying the first output voltage at the first electrode and the secondoutput voltage at the second electrode.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the optical modulator is a Mach-Zehnder modulator in a seriespush-pull configuration.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprisingan optical modulator feedback circuit that receives an output of theoptical modulator and transmits an input signal to the offset controlcircuit to modify the first offset signal and the second offset signal.8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first offset signal and thesecond offset signal are determined to compensate for one or more of amanufacturing error in the first optical waveguide arm, a manufacturingerror in the second optical waveguide arm, a manufacturing error in oneor more resistor elements of the linear modulator driver, or amanufacturing error in one or more switching devices of the linearmodulator driver.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first offsetsignal comprises a first offset current and the second offset signalcomprises a second offset current, the linear modulator driver comprisesa differential push-pull driver with an output stage including a singleemitter follower or a dual series-stacked emitter follower receiving aDC offset current corresponding to the first offset signal and thesecond offset signal.
 10. An apparatus, comprising: an optical modulatorcontrol circuit configured to generate a first input voltage and asecond input voltage, the first input voltage and the second inputvoltage determined to produce a target phase modulation between a firstoptical waveguide arm and a second optical waveguide arm of an opticalmodulator; an offset control circuit configured to generate a firstoffset current and a second offset current; a linear modulator driverconfigured to receive the first input voltage, the second input voltage,the first offset current, and the second offset current, and to generatea first output voltage for biasing the first optical waveguide arm bymodifying the first input voltage using the first offset current and togenerate a second output voltage for biasing the second opticalwaveguide arm by modifying the second input voltage using the secondoffset current, wherein at least one of the first output voltage isdifferent from the first input voltage or the second output voltage isdifferent from the second input voltage.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10,further comprising a feedback circuit configured to feed the firstoutput voltage and the second output voltage to the offset controlcircuit, wherein the offset control circuit is configured to generatethe first offset current and the second offset current using the firstoutput voltage and the second output voltage.
 12. The apparatus of claim10, further comprising the optical modulator, the optical modulatorcomprising a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator in a series push-pullconfiguration, wherein the linear modulator driver is coupled to a firstelectrode and a second electrode of the MZ modulator to apply the firstoutput voltage to the first electrode and apply the second outputvoltage to the second electrode.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, furthercomprising an optical modulator feedback circuit that receives an outputof the optical modulator, determines a performance measure of theoptical modulator using the output, and transmits an input signal to theoffset control circuit to modify the first offset current and the secondoffset current using the performance measure.
 14. A method, comprising:receiving, from an optical modulator control circuit, a first inputvoltage and a second input voltage, wherein the first input voltage andthe second input voltage are determined to produce a target phasemodulation between a first optical waveguide arm and a second opticalwaveguide arm of an optical modulator; generating, using an offsetcontrol circuit, a first offset signal and a second offset signal basedon the first input voltage and the second input voltage; receiving, at alinear modulator driver, the first offset signal and the second offsetsignal; and generating, using the linear modulator driver, a firstoutput voltage for biasing the first optical waveguide arm using thefirst offset signal, and a second output voltage for biasing the secondoptical waveguide arm using the second offset signal, wherein at leastone of the first output voltage is different from the first inputvoltage and the second output voltage is different from the second inputvoltage.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising calibrating avoltage offset between the first output voltage and the second outputvoltage to minimize a difference between the target phase modulation andan actual phase modulation of the optical modulator.
 16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein calibrating the voltage offset comprises adjusting acontrol signal to the offset control circuit that determines the firstoffset signal and the second offset signal until the first outputvoltage is equal to the second output voltage; and determining an outputof the optical modulator that indicates the actual phase modulation,wherein the voltage offset is calibrated when the actual phasemodulation is within a defined range about the target phase modulation.17. The method of claim 16, wherein calibrating the voltage offsetcomprises responsive to determining that the actual phase modulation isoutside the defined range about the target phase modulation, repeatingthe adjusting and the measuring until the actual phase modulation iswithin the defined range about the target phase modulation.
 18. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising receiving, by a feedback circuit,the first output voltage and the second output voltage at the offsetcontrol circuit, wherein generating the first offset signal and thesecond offset signal comprising generating a first current offset and asecond current offset using the first output voltage and the secondoutput voltage.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the first offsetsignal is a first offset current and the second offset signal is asecond offset current, and the method further comprises receiving, atthe linear modulator driver, the first input voltage and the secondinput voltage; generating the first output voltage for biasing the firstoptical waveguide arm comprises modifying the first input voltage usingthe first offset current; generating the second output voltage forbiasing the second optical waveguide arm comprises modifying the secondinput voltage using the second offset current; feeding, using feedbackcircuitry, the first output voltage and the second output voltage to theoffset control circuit; generating the first offset signal comprisesgenerating the first offset current using the first output voltage andthe first input voltage; and generating the second offset signalcomprises generating the second offset current using the second outputvoltage and the second input voltage.
 20. The method of claim 14,wherein the linear modulator driver is coupled to each of a firstelectrode and a second electrode of the optical modulator, and themethod further comprises applying the first output voltage to the firstelectrode; and applying the second output voltage to the secondelectrode, wherein the first electrode is coupled to the first opticalwaveguide arm and the second electrode is coupled to the second opticalwaveguide arm.